User Guides
Everything you need to know to unlock the full potential by your instruments.
Guide to Shore Hardness
The right instrument
The Shore durometer is an instrument used to measure hardness of rubber and plastic. In commerce there are analogical and digital versions each with different variations indicated to work with particular hardness.
Digital and analogical - Which one to choose?
The main differences between analog and digital Shore durometers reside in reading and calibration modes , both closely related . In the first case, reading occurs by a graduated dial where a needle indicates the value given by the spring , generally moving ring nut to value 0th. In the case of digital shore durometers calibration occurs according to procedures involving a double control , to zero and at full scale , for higher accuracy.
Scale choice
The shore A scale is the most commonly used in hardness measurement of thermoplastic elastomers . A value 0th reading indicates that penetrator came up to maximum depth , while a reading of 100th indicates a lack of penetration in the sample . Above 90th Shore A durometers are less reliable . Therefore for harder materials , it’s preferable to use a Shore D durometer , equipped with a sharper penetrator respect to Shore A durometer . For softer plastic elastomers , Shore A hardness less than 5th , is recommend the use of a Shore E.
Shore A, E, D - the differences
United by the same operating principle , Shore durometers differ in relation to probe shape. Shore A probe has a pyramid trunk , Shore E has an half – sphere and Shore D a sharp element.
The importance of method
In order to get comparable measurements it’s necessary to apply an uniform method for data collecting . Is to establish the unity of time during which the load will be applied on the sample surface , on Shore durometry is generally spoken of load application for 10 seconds. The longer the time of application , lower the hardness found , because material will be subjected to a more considerable penetration and relaxation stress.
Guide to the Measurement of Gloss
Gloss importance
The gloss is one of the most important parameters of a surface, because it changes the perception of contours and shapes, affecting the overall viewing experience.
Brightness influence surfaces according to many factors like , angle of light incidence , position of the observer, physical characteristics of the surface and conditions of observation.
This parameter is important in many productive sectors and an efficient instrument is necessary to uniform the quality control . Gloss measurement has been unified according to international methods and standards like ASTM,DIN and ISO.
Basic physical principle for gloss measurement
When a light source radiates a surface undergoes a double effect : partly dispersed , partly reflected with opposite angle with equal amplitude opposite corner with respect to the initial radiation.
The brightness of a surface is calculated according to this specular reflection. This last element determines the gloss level of a surface.
Specular reflection intensity is determined by the material and angle of incidence of the illuminating measured according to certain conditions.
Measurement scale
Values are conventionally expressed in units of gloss ( GU : gloss units ) and refer to a scale based on the index of refraction of a black glass mirror with a reflection 100GU in relation to a specific angle. All non-metallic materials such as paints or plastics, can have a value associated to this data, while for highly reflective metal surfaces such as laminates and other crude materials, you can get up to 2000GU.
Types of Geometry - When and What to choose?
Gloss meters are divided in two types , mono – angular ( 60° ) and tri – angular ( 20°, 60°, 85° ).
Have more angular reference of the illuminant allows to improve measurement accuracy according to the level of gloss of the surface
- 20°measurements are more indicated for very bright surfaces ;
- 60° measurements are more indicated for medium bright surfaces ;
- 85° measurements allow to obtain optimized values for lackluster surfaces.
60° geometry is widely used due to its range of median use , however it’s recommended to refer to 20° value for measurements above the 70GU , while 85° is preferred with measurements under 10GU.
Guide to Ultrasonic Thickness Measuring
From the origin to the present day
Ultrasonic thickness gauge is an NDT instrument commonly used to detect ultrasonic conductive materials thickness. The creation of the first instrument of this kind dates back to 1967 , thanks to brilliant intuition of polish engineer Sobek , he used as parameter the speed of sound in the above sample.
Modern ultrasonic thickness gauges , despite have been evolved , continue to make use of the same physical principle and can reach accuracies in order of hundredth of millimeters , while ones more advanced can “interact” with personal computers and distinguish above coatings thanks to features that use other physical principles.
The operating principle
Instrument based on Sobek ’s prototype determine sample thickness by an accurate measurement of time taken by an ultrasonic impulse , created by a transmitter, to cross the thickness of a material and return to its source. The path of return of the sound wave is divided in half and multiplied by the propagation speed of sound for such material.
Areas of application
Ultrasonic thickness gauges can be used like a standard caliber , with the difference of being able to operate in NDT also on problematic surfaces , like boxed , pipes or in the middle of big plates ,simplifying and speeding work in every productive department or quality control.
An advantage of this instrument is that it’s able to check wear status or corrosion of elements which you can access only one side or difficult to be reached , all without need to disassemble , destroy or take elsewhere samples.
How to choose the right probe
The ultrasonic thickness gauge can measure a wide range of materials such as metals, glass and plastics. Different types of materials will require different probes. This choice is fundamental to do accurate measurements . Below are indicated principal parameters to consider for select the appropriate probe.
Generally the best probe is the one that can send sufficient ultrasonic energy into the material so that the instrument will receive the return echo. Factors that influence propagation of ultrasonic are many:
- Output signal’s power: Stronger is the output signal and stronger will be return echo . This parameter depends primarily on the size of probe’s component emitting ultrasonic. A large area of emission will send a greater quantity of energy into material than an area of reduced emission.
- Absorption and dispersion: When ultrasonic passes through a material is partially absorbed. If the sample has a granular structure ultrasonic wave will be subjected to a dispersion effect. Both phenomena cause an ultrasonic energy reduction , therefore the capability of receiving return echo will be reduced . High frequency ultrasonic are more subjected to dispersion effect from those of lesser intensity . We must point out that these last are less subject to directionality than higher so they aren’t the best to be used. Then , the higher are preferred if we want to detect exact position of small cavities or imperfections.
- Probe’s geometry: Sometimes probes may have been too big for the space within which to make measurements , in some cases the contact surface of the sample can be so small as to undermine a proper mating probe / material. In these cases probes with a smaller body and a less extensive contact surface must be chosen .While for curved surfaces will be required a probe with coincident profile.
- Material temperature: The propagation speed of sound within a material is inversely proportional to its temperature, so when it ‘s necessary to measure high temperature samples (maximum 300C °) will be equipped probes designed to detect high temperatures. These kind of sensors are built using special materials and processes that help them resist to high temperatures physical stresses without damage.
Mating probe / surface
Another important parameter is the mating between inspected area and the probe . A good grip between both surfaces ensures that the instrument operates at its best and provides a realistic and reliable measurement . It’s recommended to ensure that surface and probe are free from dust , residues and dirt before every measurements. To guarantee a good mating and remove the thin layer of air interposed between probe and surface is necessary to use a coupling liquid. Modern instruments can make contact even with pure water, even if it’s more suited to use thicker resources like glycerin or ultrasonic gel.
Limitations of the physical principle used by instrument
One of the main limitations of this instrument is the inability to reliably measure all those materials that contain , even if minimally , discontinuity. This effect is read by the instrument as an interruption in the material, going to invalidate validity measurement.
For example, this instrument will be very accurate in measuring any type of PVC , but it will not create contact with PVC foam due to micro air bubbles in its structure.
Guide to the Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge
Ultrasonic thickness gauges are instruments for the measurement of thickness, corrosion, split ends materials, metal sheets, coated materials, as long as the case of homogeneous material that does not present cracks, air bubbles, defects that prevent the correct propagation of ultrasounds. These instruments, which can be purchased with decimal, hundredth and thousandth’s resolution, have the particularity to be used without damaging the measured material. It is sufficient to place the probe of the ultrasonic thickness meter on a side of the test piece to read the thickness. When measuring, place a fluid that allows the sensor for proper adhesion to the material (usually the couplant gel for Ultrasounds). Many ultrasonic Thickness gauges have default settings of the sound speed within the memory of the instrument, in order to allow a fast measurement of the material; Ultrasonic thickness gauges have the ability to adjust the sound speed, knowing the propagation speed of the material we are going to measure.
Some Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges have the ability to calibrate the instrument on a homogeneous material that you are going to measure. The calibration can be carried out knowing the thickness of the material under examination, thereafter it will be possible to perform accurate measurements on each type of thickness of the material on which the instrument is calibrated.
The ultrasonic thickness gauges with the coatings exclusion function allow to carry out measurements on painted material only by calculating the thickness of the material under the layer of paint or coatings. Thanks to a wide range of probes, the ultrasonic thickness gauge can measure materials with special angles and curves. There are also special probes for the measurement of high-temperature surfaces, which are coated in ceramic and can reach temperatures of 300°C.
Use
the ultrasonic method allows measurement with only the support of the probe on the material without any feedback on the opposite side. These thickness gauges define the thickness of a material by calculating accurately the time required by ultrasonic pulse, generated by the probe; then, ultrasonic pulse pass through the thickness of the sample and finally it is reflected on the opposite surface and it returns to the probe. The time required for the impulse to go back is divided by two and multiplied by the sound propagation speed of the material.
The deduced relation is: H = (V x t) / 2
- H: thickness of measured material;
- V: specific speed of ultrasonic propagation in the material;
- T: Time used by the pulse to pass through the material (round trip).
There are many application fields of ultrasonic thickness gauge; here below you can see some examples:
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for glass
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for metal sheets
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for steel
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for plastic
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for PVC
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for alloys
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for cast iron
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for brass
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for zinc
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for copper
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for bronze
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for stainless steel
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for aluminium
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for polyethylene
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for pipes
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for rubber
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for sailing industry (bulkheads, sealed off compartments)
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for pressure containers (fire extinguishers, boilers, tanks)
- Ultrasonic thickness gauges for fiberglass and other composites like carbon
Furthermore, this instrument allows several applications in the production phase, quality control, incoming control, materials acceptance, and exiting control.
The main users of these tools are steel mills, mechanical manufacturing, foundries, oil industry, plastics industry, bottling industry, glassmakers, automotive and aeronautical industry etc.
Guide to Leeb Hardness Testers
Introduction
Rebound hardness testers , otherwise known as “ Leeb Hardness Testers ” are the alternative to traditional counter hardness testers , installed in laboratories . The revolution represented by rebound hardness testers is primarily related to their portability combined to very high precision and to the type of non-destructive test which are able to make. This method is based on the Leeb principle introduced by Dietmar Leeb in 1975. Conceptually it’s defined as the ratio between impact speed and impact body rebound velocity , then multiplied by 1000 . Depending on metal type the Leeb method indicates hardness value that can be converted to other scales ( for example HB , HV , HRC etc. ) . Using the same principle is also possible to measure tensile strength in relation to steel . The operating principle is based on the application of a certain force to an impact body of a certain weight , that will go to touch the measuring surface. The instrument respectively measure impact and rebound velocity when spherical striker is located to 1mm from the measuring surface . The calculation formula is the following:
HL=1000×(VB/ VA)
- HL → Hardness value HLD
- VB → Rebound speed of impact body
- VA → Penetrator impact velocity
With this method we can measure many materials, like:
- Steel and fusions
- Cold work tool steel
- Stainless steel alloys
- Gray cast iron
- Nodular cast iron
- Mergers and aluminum alloys
- Brass alloys / zinc brass alloys
- Bronze alloys
- Copper alloys
Application areas
Application areas of rebound hardness testers are many , some examples:
- Control and approval of incoming goods (input)
- Quality control on production line (output)
- Stress measurement of material (maintenance)
- Testing tensile strength
- Molds cavity
- Bearings and other parts
- Troubleshooting pressure pots
- Steam generators and other equipment
- Possibility of operation on large parts
- Assembled parts measurement
- Small areas measurement
Accessories
Probes
Rebound hardness testers supports various types of probes according to inspection conditions and the tested material . Here are some models:
Probe
Scope
Type D
Standard model, ideal for 90% of measurements
Type DC
Probe in size to operate in restricted spaces
Type D+15
Prolonged probe for bores measurements
Type DL
Probe with narrow profile for specific measure ( eg. Gears)
Type G
Increased impact probe
Type C
Low-impact probe to measure thin or sensitive to indentation samples.
Adaptor rings for convex and concave surfaces
Another important accessory is the set of adapter rings , that allows inspection of all surfaces , concave or convex . The adaptor ring , chosen by sample characteristics that should be measured , is substituted for the standard one included with probe . Here are kit adapter rings full specifications:
| Nr | Type | Description |
| 1 | Z10-15 | For external cylindrical surfaces R10÷R15 |
| 2 | Z14.5-30 | For external cylindrical surfaces R14.5÷R30 |
| 3 | Z25-50 | For external cylindrical surfaces R25÷R50 |
| 4 | HZ11-13 | For internal cylindrical surfaces R11÷R13 |
| 5 | HZ12.5-17 | For internal cylindrical surfaces R12.5÷R17 |
| 6 | HZ16.5-30 | For internal cylindrical surfaces R16.5÷R30 |
| 7
|
K10-15 | For external cylindrical surfaces SR10÷SR15 |
| 8 | K14.5-30 | For external cylindrical surfaces SR14.5÷SR30 |
| 9 | HK11-13 | For internal cylindrical surfaces SR11÷SR-13 |
| 10 | HK12.5-17 | For internal cylindrical surfaces SR12.5÷R17 |
| 11 | HK16.5-30 | For internal cylindrical surfaces SR16.5÷SR30 |
|
12
|
UN | Universal adapter for exterior surfaces, variable radius R10÷∞ |
External printer
To give opportunity to write measurement reports in real time the vast majority of rebound hardness testers can be connected to an external printer. This solution is particularly indicated for operators who have to travel frequently and leave a tangible record of the inspection.
Pc interface
Is possible to make communicate rebound hardness tester and a personal computer through simple and intuitive interfaces that allow less experienced operator to manage data and process them in several respects.
How to use the Holiday Detector
The purpose of a coating or a covering layer is to isolate the underlying material by external factors like corrosion.
In order to perform a maintenance control or check the quality of a coating process Holiday Detector (or Pinholes Detector) can determine presence of micro-holes , porosity or thinning in conductive coatings.
The term “Holiday”, dates back in the era of transoceanic navigation by sailing boat . Maintenance during long voyages was essential.
One of the most important tasks was to maintain masts coverage that would otherwise have been exposed to weather and salt and destined to rot.
If a single part had remained uncovered it would have compromise mast integrity and navigation capacity.
When this happened sailors used to make fun saying that the sailor in charge had taken an “holiday”.
Even if steel has replaced wood, the term “Holiday” is still used when we need quality and usury controls or we need to know the status of a coated surface.
Holiday detector is composed by a main unit that can provide a constant and adjustable voltage, an insulating handle and a probe that transfers tension to the inspected surface.
The most modern models can advise operator in many ways.
- Audible alarm : a buzzer or headphones (included) highlight porosity
- Visual alarm :sparking or light signals the handle
The instrument complies with the following standards:
- ASTM D 4787
- ASTM D 5162
- ASTM G 62-B
- ASTM C 537
- ASTM C 536
- ISO 29601
- ISO 2746
The coating integrity test allows for the detection of any discontinuities in the inspected coating using an electrode connected to a high-voltage power source. In the presence of a discontinuity, an electrical discharge occurs between the substrate and the electrode, and the device alerts the operator through audible and visual signals.
Guide to Humidity Measuring
Humidity is one of most important parameter for various area of productive sectors such as construction industry ,food industry ,carpentry ,transport , industry of paper and paperboard and for every technical-scientific reality like geology where knowing relative humidity is of fundamental importance.
In this guide we’ll treat the issue of hygrometers for materials/grains.
Hygrometers (or relative humidity meter) can be divided by type of sensor , in contact or in piling , for materials or for grains.
According to probe used changes the basic physical principle of the hygrometer.
Modern and complete instruments can operate in both ways.
In case of hygrometer with in contact probe, the instrument determines humidity based on sample’s capacitance; greater capacitance; higher humidity
Hygrometer with in piling probe uses another physical principle , calculating relative humidity according to sample’s resistance; the higher the humidity the less the resistance.
Hygrometers for materials can detect humidity in many typology of samples like timber (over 150 species), fibreglass, sand, leather, gravel, paper, paperboard, masonry ,etc…
Hygrometers for grains can detect humidity in the most notes and treated types of grains like : rice, coffee, nuts, cocoa, flax seed, peas, barley, meal, clover, buckwheat, flour, beans, wheat, sunflower seeds, etc…
Guide to Using Penetrating Liquids
Our products
ASME Compliance
The ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineering) is an engineering society founded in 1880 in America to solve problems related to steam plants, but later formulated other reference standards to correctly manufacture and size many types of mechanical plants. Even today the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) is an international reference standard for the design, manufacture and inspection of steam and/or pressure plants, such as the steam section of power plants (nuclear, fossil fuel, etc.).
Returning to penetrant liquids, section V of the BPVC talks about inspections using Non-Destructive Testing, including Penetrating Liquids; in particular, requirements are requested regarding the content of Fluorides, Chlorides and Sulphates as these chemical substances can trigger dangerous corrosion phenomena in ferrous and similar materials: for example, nickel-based alloys, Austenitic and Duplex stainless steels (called austeno-ferritic) and Titanium are taken into consideration.
ASME compliance for penetrant liquids must be ensured by:
- Batch number. The mixtures are prepared in large-capacity bins and each one is assigned an identification number called “batch number”: this therefore uniquely identifies a quantity of material produced in a single operation and having uniform properties (def. in UNI EN ISO 3452-2). This identification number is then reported on each cylinder or can that comes from that mixture and a sample of it is kept. This guarantees total traceability of the product for many years and protects against any disputes.
- Chemical analysis. Each single batch must be analyzed by a certified laboratory and the test results become an integral part of the documentation relating to the product and the single batch.In practice, ensuring ASME compliance means ensuring very low capacity to initiate corrosion (rust) in ferrous materials, very high degree of purity of the product and total traceability over time.Our products are ASME compliant. The analysis certificates for each batch are available at our company. To obtain them, please contact us directly or through your dealer.
UNI EN ISO 3452-2
As evidence of the importance of product purity in the non-destructive testing sector, the UNI EN ISO 3452-2, in section 6.12, also speaks of products with low sulfur and halogen content. The requirement is quite restrictive and indicates as an absolute maximum limit 200 parts per million of sulfides and 200 parts per million of chlorides and fluorides. From the analysis certificates of the batches carried out up to now, it appears that this requirement is also satisfied.
Application sectors of liquid penetrants
The fields of application of penetrating liquids are many and our products can be used to detect discontinuities in any type of non-porous material. As far as metallurgy is concerned, two applications are of particular interest: in the control of welding processes to detect any discontinuities due to defects in the process (crater cracks, shrinkage cracks, porosity, slag cracks, marginal incisions) and in the control of elements subjected to fatigue to detect discontinuities due to repeated and prolonged point stresses over time.
Production procedure and chemical analysis
In accordance with ASME, the quality of our products is ensured by internal production procedures, and their correct application is guaranteed both by checking all incoming chemical products through analysis and by a manager who personally certifies the correct execution in the preparation of the mixtures. All chemical analyses are carried out according to very accurate procedures in a laboratory that operates with a quality management system certified ISO 9001.
How to use
- Preliminary cleaning. Although it may seem marginal, it is the most important phase of a penetrant test. The ability of the liquid to penetrate or not depends on the correct execution of this and therefore it is important to use suitable products: the products we offer are the non-halogenated solvent & cleaner spray (SALP153) and the various types of bulk solvents: all comply with ASME standards regarding purity and the presence of contaminants.
- Application of the penetrant. The surface under examination must be completely covered with liquid: for example, in the case of checking welds, it is necessary to overflow by at least 2 cm beyond the edges of the same. After the spraying phase, the liquid must be allowed to drain so that it penetrates both by gravity and by capillarity. The penetration time is set by the ASME tables but can also be determined experimentally: for example, for the liquid with a contrasting colour (red) a time of 5/10 minutes is recommended. In any case, the duration of this phase must be verified based on the discontinuities to be detected, possibly establishing acceptability criteria. It is important not to allow the penetrant to dry out: if necessary, reapply it. The temperature at which the tests must be carried out is also important: to obtain a good result, it is recommended to remain in the range between 10°C and 40°C for both the piece and the environment in which the test is carried out. Outside these limits the penetrant may behave incorrectly, therefore its use at different temperatures must be verified with tests. We offer the product: red penetrant SALP155 (visible with natural light).
- Removal of the penetrant. Before applying the developer, excess penetrant must be removed from the surface of the product. Our products can be washed in water (max 200 kPa, approximately the pressure of a normal tap, and not hot) or with solvent. In the case of removal with solvent, use a non-linty rag soaked in solvent & cleaner SALP153 , dabbing lightly: do not rub. To ensure correct ASME compliance of the control, use the recommended solvent!
- Application of the white developer SALP164 or SALP166 . This step is necessary to ensure that all discontinuities are visible in natural light (red SALP155). Use the white developer SALP164 or SALP166, similar to the others in the family . This product contains a mixture of very fine white powders (max. diameter 10 microns) which give it the peculiar characteristic of constantly and uniformly bringing the penetrating liquid remaining in the cracks to the surface. It also contains additives which help to attract the penetrant by acting through capillarity. Make sure that the product is perfectly dry and has no penetrant residue. Spread a thin and uniform layer of developer and wait for the solvent to evaporate. The development time is generally around 5/15 minutes and starts from the moment the developer is dried. The developer must not dry too quickly: excessive speed could compromise the highlighting of the finest cracks.
- Inspection environment. Red in a brightly lit environment.
- Evaluation of indications and acceptability criteria. It is very important to establish with the client the acceptability criteria for the defects found (in practice, written rules are established according to which indications, cracks or defects are accepted and others are not) in order to avoid unnecessary disputes. It should be noted that checking with penetrating liquids aims to guarantee that all the products that pass the control do not contain the defects established in the acceptability criteria: a non-destructive test (NDT) cannot guarantee the absolute perfection of the product.
Guide to Calipers
Caliper is a measuring instrument suitable for measuring (with precision tenths, twentieths, fiftieths and hundredths of a millimetre) the width of an object, the distance between two flat faces in a concavity, the depth of a groove or hole.
A caliper can be a simple compass or be equipped with reading scale, as in the case of the Vernier caliper. The invention of the vernier can be attributed to the Portuguese Pedro Nunes, who published in 1542 a description of an ingenious system to measure small arcs with sufficient accuracy. At the German Ciavius (1640) is attributable the evolution of the vernier and at the French Pierre Vernier (1631, from which is derived the name “Vernier”) is attributable the current form of the Vernier caliper. The caliper is used to make measurements with an accuracy of a fraction of a thousandth; it consists in a rod, which on one side is graph, and on the other side is divided in inches and sixteenths of an inch. Furthermore, it presents two jaws for external measurements, two jaws for internal measurements and a tab L for depth measurements.
Caliper is divided in three parts: one fixed, one movable (Vernier) and the little rod.
In the fixed part, there is a jaw upwards and a jaw downwards and the corresponding ones are located in the moving part. The jaws are used to measure the length or the diameter, the small rod is used to measure the depth. The jaws are rounded at the ends, because they are used to measure very small places so that they touch the inside of the circles perfectly.
In calibres more expensive, the small rod is round in order to measure perfectly even the depths of the holes (round rod caliper).
On the fixed part, at the bottom there is a scale divided in mm, and at the top there is a scale divided in inches (1 inch=25,4mm). On the movable part (or Vernier), there are two scales, one at the bottom and one at the top. The bottom takes the name of Vernier. The caliper can reach approximations of one-tenth, one-twentieth and one-fiftieth of a millimetre, using the device of Vernier. The vernier is a movable rod, which slides on the fixed rod graduated in millimetres; the length of the vernier scale is divided into “n” equal parts, which correspond to the length of n-1 fixed rod’s parts. Each division of the vernier has a length equal to the ratio (n-1)/n. For example, in the decimal caliper each division of the vernier is equal to (10-1) / 10 = 9/10 of a millimetre.
The most used Vernier calipers are those with twentieth system, whose vernier has a length of nineteen mm with twenty divisions, or fiftieth system, whose vernier measures forty-nine mm and is divided into fifty parties.
To avoid reading errors, due to the difficulty of detecting the coincidence of the vernier’s notch with the fixed scale’s notch, there’s a dial caliper whose movable jaws indicates the whole part of the reading, with scanning in multiples of 10 mm, and the pointer indicates the fraction remaining in millimetres and twentieth of a millimetre.
The most easy to use calipers are those with digital liquid crystal display. Digital calipers have a sliding rod usually made of steel and PVC body with electronic card. Generally, the reading of a precision digital caliper is hundredth, but there are pent-thousandth calipers where reading is displayed to 5 thousandths of a millimetre.
Calipers IP67 are often used in places with high quantities of powders and liquids, as they are the almost waterproof. PVC calipers are more fitting when the measurement takes place in the presence of magnetism or with excessive presence of liquids.
Some example of calipers:
- Outside digital caliper;
- Big display digital caliper;
- Digital caliper with metal case;
- High-precision digital caliper with 3V Lithium battery;
- Digital caliper with metal case and protection IP54;
- Digital caliper with metal case and protection IP65;
- Digital caliper with metal case and protection IP67;
- Digital caliper with pent-thousandth resolution;
- Digital depth caliper;
- Digital depth caliper with adjustment extension base;
- Digital caliper with single hook;
- Digital depth caliper with double hook;
- Digital depth caliper with needle;
- Small dimensions digital depth caliper;
- Depth caliper with fine adjustment;
- Depth caliper with single hook;
- Gear tooth Vernier caliper;
- Disk brake Vernier caliper;
- V anvil calipers;
- Inside groove Vernier caliper with flat points;
- Outside groove Vernier caliper with flat points;
- Outside Vernier caliper with fine adjustment;
- Digital caliper without jaws with fine adjustment;
- Extra light alloy digital caliper with “NIPLOY” case;
- Digital caliper aluminium body with jaws in hardened stainless steel;
- Inside groove digital caliper with flat points;
- Outside groove digital caliper with flat points;
- Inside groove digital caliper with round points;
- Outside groove digital caliper with round points;
- Inside groove digital caliper with small jaws;
- Extra-long jaws digital caliper;
- Tube thickness digital caliper;
- Digital caliper with moving measuring jaw;
- Knife-point inside groove digital caliper;
- Arc outside digital caliper;
- Outside digital caliper with fine adjustment;
- Carbon fibre and aluminium digital calipers;
- Single point digital caliper;
- Digital thickness caliper;
- Plane anvil digital caliper;
- Universal groove digital caliper;
- Pointed-jaw digital caliper;
- Inside groove digital caliper with long upper jaws;
- Digital caliper with long upper jaws;
- Inside groove digital caliper with upper jaws;
- Special outside groove digital caliper;
- Special inside groove digital caliper;
- Inside groove digital caliper with round points;
- Knife-point special digital caliper;
- Inside digital caliper for five purposes;
- Gear tooth digital caliper;
- Dial calipers.
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